Annals of Diagnostic Pathology
Volume 11, Issue 6 , Pages 395-401 , December 2007

Muscularis mucosae of the urinary bladder revisited with emphasis on its hyperplastic patterns: a study of a large series of cystectomy specimens

  • Funda Vakar-Lopez, MD
    • ,
  • Steven S. Shen, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Current address: Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
    • ,
  • Shaozeng Zhang, MD, PhD
    • ,
  • Pheroze Tamboli, MD
    • ,
  • Alberto G. Ayala, MD

      Affiliations

    • Current address: Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
    • ,
  • Jae Y. Ro, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin, Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Tel.: +1 713 441 2263; fax: +1 713 793 1603.
    • Current address: Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

References 

  1. Dixon JS, Gosling JA. Histology and fine structure of the muscularis mucosae of the human bladder. J Anat. 1983;136:265–271
  2. Ro JY, Ayala AG, El-Naggar A. Muscularis mucosa of urinary bladder—importance for staging and treatment. Am J Surg Pathol. 1987;11:668–673
  3. Cheng L, Roxann M, Neumann AL, Weaver AL, Spotts BE, Bostwick DG, et al. Predicting cancer progression in patients with stage T1 bladder carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 1999;1:3182–3187
  4. Engel P, Anagnostaki L, Braendstrup O. The muscularis mucosae of the human urinary bladder—implications for tumor staging on biopsies. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1992;26:249–252
  5. Hasui Y, Osada Y, Kitada S, Nishi S, et al. Significance of invasion to the muscularis mucosae on the progression of superficial bladder cancer. Urology. 1993;43:782–786
  6. Weaver MG, Abdul-Karim FW. The prevalence and character of the muscularis mucosae of the human urinary bladder. Histopathology. 1990;17:563–566
  7. Angulo JC, Lopez JI, Flores N, Toledo JD, et al. The value of tumor spread, grading and growth pattern as morphologic predictive parameters in bladder carcinoma. A critical revision of 1987 TNM classification. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1993;119:578–593
  8. Bernardini S, Billerey C, Martin M, et al. The predictive value of muscularis mucosae invasion and p53 overexpression on progression of stage T1 bladder carcinoma. J Urol. 2000;165:42–46
  9. Ekstrom J, Henningsson AC, Henningsson S, et al. Hyperplasia and hypertrophia in the denervated and distended rat urinary bladder. Acta Physiol Scand. 1984;122:45–48
  10. Raghavan D, Shipley WU, Garnick MB, et al. Biology and management of bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1129–1138
  11. Cheng L, Weaver AL, Neumann RM, Scherer BG, Bostwick DG, et al. Substaging of T1 bladder carcinoma based on the depth of invasion as measured by micrometer. A new proposal. Cancer. 1999;86(6):1035–1043
  12. Bostwick DG. Natural history of early bladder cancer. J Cell Biochem. 1992;161:31–38
  13. Angulo JC, Lopez JI, Grignon DJ, Sanchez-Chapado M, et al. Muscularis mucosa differentiates two populations with different prognosis in stage T1 bladder cancer. Urology. 1995;45:47–53
  14. Holmang S, Hedelin H, Anderstrom C, et al. The importance of the depth of invasion in stage T1 bladder carcinoma: a prospective cohort study. J Urol. 1996;157:800–804
  15. Smits F, Schaafsma E, Kiemeney L, et al. Microstaging of pT1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: identification of subgroups with distinct risks of progression. Urology. 1998;52:1009–1014
  16. Younes M, Sussman J, Lawrence DT. The usefulness of the level of the muscularis mucosae in the staging of invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer. 1999;66:543–548
  17. Bloom W, Fawcett DW. In: A textbook of histology. 10th ed. Philadelphia (Pa): WB Saunders; 1975;p. 794–799
  18. Keep JC, Piehl M, Miller A, et al. Invasive carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Am J Clin Pathol. 1988;91:575–579
  19. Faggian L, Pampinella F, Roelofs M, et al. Phenotypic changes in the regenerating rabbit bladder muscle. Role of interstitial cells and innervation on smooth muscle cell differentiation. Histochem Cell Biol. 1998;109:25–39

PII: S1092-9134(06)00172-9

doi: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2006.12.014

Annals of Diagnostic Pathology
Volume 11, Issue 6 , Pages 395-401 , December 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution