Annals of Diagnostic Pathology
Volume 11, Issue 5 , Pages 363-389 , October 2007

Pathology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an update

References 

  1. Kalil N, Cheson BD. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncologist. 1999;4:352–369
  2. Morton LM, Wang SS, Devesa SS, et al. Lymphoma incidence patterns by WHO subtype in the United States, 1992-2001. Blood. 2006;107:265–276
  3. Redaelli A, Laskin BL, Stephens JM, et al. The clinical and epidemiological burden of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2004;13:279–287
  4. Xie Y, Davies SM, Xiang Y, et al. Trends in leukemia incidence and survival in the United States (1973-1998). Cancer. 2003;97:2229–2235
  5. Andritsos L, Khoury H. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2002;3:225–231
  6. De Rossi G, Mandelli F, Covelli A, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in younger adults: a retrospective study of 133 cases. Hematol Oncol. 1989;7:127–137
  7. Montserrat E, Gomis F, Vallespi T, et al. Presenting features and prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in younger adults. Blood. 1991;78:1545–1551
  8. Bonvalet D, Foldes C, Civatte J. Cutaneous manifestations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1984;10:278–282
  9. Cerroni L, Zenahlik P, Hofler G, et al. Specific cutaneous infiltrates of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a clinicopathologic and prognostic study of 42 patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20:1000–1010
  10. Hudson RP, Wilson SJ. Hypogammaglobulinemia and chronic lymphatic leukemia. Cancer. 1960;13:200–204
  11. Dameshek W, Schwartz RS. Leukemia and auto-immunization—some possible relationships. Blood. 1959;14:1151–1158
  12. Pisciotta AV, Hirschboeck JS. Therapeutic considerations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia; special reference to the natural course of the disease. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1957;99:334–335
  13. Diehl LF, Ketchum LH. Autoimmune disease and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, and autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Semin Oncol. 1998;25:80–97
  14. Pezzoli A, Pascali E. Monoclonal Bence Jones proteinuria in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Scand J Haematol. 1986;36:18–24
  15. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: recommendations for diagnosis, staging, and response criteria. International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:236–238
  16. Cheson BD, Bennett JM, Rai KR, et al. Guidelines for clinical protocols for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: recommendations of the National Cancer Institute–sponsored working group. Am J Hematol. 1988;29:152–163
  17. Cheson BD, Bennett JM, Grever M, et al. National Cancer Institute–sponsored Working Group guidelines for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: revised guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Blood. 1996;87:4990–4997
  18. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, et al. Proposals for the classification of chronic (mature) B and T lymphoid leukaemias. French-American-British (FAB) Cooperative Group. J Clin Pathol. 1989;42:567–584
  19. Rozman C, Hernandez-Nieto L, Montserrat E, et al. Prognostic significance of bone-marrow patterns in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1981;47:529–537
  20. Rozman C, Montserrat E, Rodriguez-Fernandez JM, et al. Bone marrow histologic pattern—the best single prognostic parameter in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a multivariate survival analysis of 329 cases. Blood. 1984;64:642–648
  21. Geisler C, Ralfkiaer E, Hansen MM, et al. The bone marrow histological pattern has independent prognostic value in early stage chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1986;62:47–54
  22. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H, et al. A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood. 1994;84:1361–1392
  23. Batata A, Shen B. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia with low lymphocyte count. Cancer. 1993;71:2732–2738
  24. Amouroux I, Mossafa H, Gentilhomme O, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with binucleated lymphocytes. Leuk Lymphoma. 1997;27:533–537
  25. Matutes E, Polliack A. Morphological and immunophenotypic features of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Rev Clin Exp Hematol. 2000;4:22–47
  26. Bueso-Ramos CE, Ferrajoli A, Medeiros LJ, et al. Aberrant morphology, proliferation, and apoptosis of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Hematology. 2004;9:279–286
  27. Peters O, Thielemans C, Steenssens L, et al. Intracellular inclusion bodies in 14 patients with B cell lymphoproliferative disorders. J Clin Pathol. 1984;37:45–50
  28. Ralfkiaer E, Hou-Jensen K, Geisler C, et al. Cytoplasmic inclusions in lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. A report of 10 cases. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol. 1982;395:227–236
  29. White V, Boyko WJ. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia with IgM lambda and IgG lambda cytoplasmic inclusions. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1983;107:580–582
  30. Dorion RP, Shaw JH. Intracytoplasmic filamentous inclusions in the peripheral blood of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A bright-field, electron microscopic, immunofluorescent, and flow cytometric study. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127:618–620
  31. Feliu E, Rozman C, Montserrat E, et al. Cytoplasmic inclusions in lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Scand J Haematol. 1983;31:510–512
  32. Messmer BT, Messmer D, Allen SL, et al. In vivo measurements document the dynamic cellular kinetics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:755–764
  33. Hallek M, Bergmann M, Emmerich B. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: up-dated recommendations on diagnosis and treatment. Onkologie. 2004;27:97–104
  34. Kim YS, Ford RJ, Faber JA, et al. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma involving bone marrow with an interfollicular pattern. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;114:41–46
  35. Schade U, Bock O, Vornhusen S, et al. Bone marrow infiltration pattern in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia is related to immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region mutation status and expression of 70-kd zeta-associated protein (ZAP-70). Hum Pathol. 2006;37:1153–1161
  36. Braylan RC, Jaffe ES, Burbach JW, et al. Similarities of surface characteristics of neoplastic well-differentiated lymphocytes from solid tissues and from peripheral blood. Cancer Res. 1976;36:1619–1625
  37. Batata A, Shen B. Relationship between chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma. A comparative study of membrane phenotypes in 270 cases. Cancer. 1992;70:625–632
  38. Ben-Ezra J, Burke JS, Swartz WG, et al. Small lymphocytic lymphoma: a clinicopathologic analysis of 268 cases. Blood. 1989;73:579–587
  39. Dick FR, Maca RD. The lymph node in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 1978;41:283–292
  40. Pangalis GA, Nathwani BN, Rappaport H. Malignant lymphoma, well differentiated lymphocytic: its relationship with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and macroglobulinemia of Waldenstrom. Cancer. 1977;39:999–1010
  41. Rozman C, Montserrat E, Vinolas N. Serum immunoglobulins in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Natural history and prognostic significance. Cancer. 1988;61:279–283
  42. Xu HJ, Roberts-Thomson PJ. Low molecular weight IgM in the sera of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Pathology. 1993;25:52–56
  43. Yin CC, Lin P, Carney DA, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma associated with IgM paraprotein. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005;123:594–602
  44. Momose H, Jaffe ES, Shin SS, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma with Reed-Sternberg-like cells and possible transformation to Hodgkin's disease. Mediation by Epstein-Barr virus. Am J Surg Pathol. 1992;16:859–867
  45. Edelman M, Evans L, Zee S, et al. Splenic micro-anatomical localization of small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia using a novel combined silver nitrate and immunoperoxidase technique. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21:445–452
  46. Narang S, Wolf BC, Neiman RS. Malignant lymphoma presenting with prominent splenomegaly. A clinicopathologic study with special reference to intermediate cell lymphoma. Cancer. 1985;55:1948–1957
  47. van Krieken JH, Feller AC, te Velde J. The distribution of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the lymphoid compartments of the human spleen. Am J Surg Pathol. 1989;13:757–765
  48. Dighiero G, Charron D, Debre P, et al. Identification of a pure splenic form of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1979;41:169–176
  49. Nolan P. Chronic lymphatic leukaemia presenting as severe obstructive sleep apnoea. Respirology. 1996;1:299–301
  50. Faigel DO, Vaughn DJ, Furth EE, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an unusual cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90:635–637
  51. Swerdlow SH, Zellner DC, Hurtubise PE, et al. Pleural involvement in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated with a T-cell-rich “reactive” pleural effusion. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;134:172–174
  52. Assiri AH, Lamba M, Veinot JP. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia involving the coronary arteries with accompanying acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2005;14:324–326
  53. Almasri NM, Duque RE, Iturraspe J, et al. Reduced expression of CD20 antigen as a characteristic marker for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol. 1992;40:259–263
  54. Matutes E, Owusu-Ankomah K, Morilla R, et al. The immunological profile of B-cell disorders and proposal of a scoring system for the diagnosis of CLL. Leukemia. 1994;8:1640–1645
  55. Caligaris-Cappio F. B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a malignancy of anti-self B cells. Blood. 1996;87:2615–2620
  56. Morikawa K, Oseko F, Morikawa S. Induction of CD5 antigen on human CD5- B cells by stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I. Int Immunol. 1993;5:809–816
  57. Fais F, Ghiotto F, Hashimoto S, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells express restricted sets of mutated and unmutated antigen receptors. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:1515–1525
  58. De Rossi G, Mauro FR, Lo Coco F, et al. CD5 negative lymphocytosis mimicking typical B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Description of 26 cases. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol. 1993;35:451–455
  59. Kurec AS, Threatte GA, Gottlieb AJ, et al. Immunophenotypic subclassification of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Br J Haematol. 1992;81:45–51
  60. Efstathiou S, Tsioulos D, Zacharos I, et al. The prognostic role of CD5 negativity in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a case-control study. Haematologia (Budap). 2002;32:209–218
  61. Reinisch W, Willheim M, Hilgarth M, et al. Soluble CD23 reliably reflects disease activity in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:2146–2152
  62. Sarfati M, Bron D, Lagneaux L, et al. Elevation of IgE-binding factors in serum of patients with B cell-derived chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1988;71:94–98
  63. Hubl W, Iturraspe J, Braylan RC. FMC7 antigen expression on normal and malignant B-cells can be predicted by expression of CD20. Cytometry. 1998;34:71–74
  64. Catovsky D, Cherchi M, Brookss D, et al. Heterogeneity of B-cell leukemias demonstrated by the monoclonal antibody FMC7. Blood. 1981;58:406–408
  65. Huh YO, Pugh WC, Kantarjian HM, et al. Detection of subgroups of chronic B-cell leukemias by FMC7 monoclonal antibody. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;101:283–289
  66. Garcia Vela J, Delgado I, Benito L, et al. CD79b expression in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: its implication for minimal residual disease detection. Leukemia. 1999;13:1501–1505
  67. Costa TE, Franke RR, Sanchez M, et al. Functional reconstitution of an immunoglobulin antigen receptor in T cells. J Exp Med. 1992;175:1669–1676
  68. Hombach J, Tsubata T, Leclercq L, et al. Molecular components of the B-cell antigen receptor complex of the IgM class. Nature. 1990;343:760–762
  69. Gordon MS, Kato RM, Lansigan F, et al. Aberrant B cell receptor signaling from B29 (Igbeta, CD79b) gene mutations of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:5504–5509
  70. Payelle-Brogard B, Magnac C, Mauro FR, et al. Analysis of the B-cell receptor B29 (CD79b) gene in familial chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999;94:3516–3522
  71. Thompson AA, Talley JA, Do HN, et al. Aberrations of the B-cell receptor B29 (CD79b) gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1997;90:1387–1394
  72. McCarron KF, Hammel JP, Hsi ED. Usefulness of CD79b expression in the diagnosis of B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;113:805–813
  73. Schlette E, Medeiros LJ, Keating M, et al. CD79b expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Association with trisomy 12 and atypical immunophenotype. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127:561–566
  74. D'Arena G, Cascavilla N, Musto P, et al. CD79b expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica. 2000;85:556–557
  75. Frater JL, McCarron KF, Hammel JP, et al. Typical and atypical chronic lymphocytic leukemia differ clinically and immunophenotypically. Am J Clin Pathol. 2001;116:655–664
  76. Hanada M, Delia D, Aiello A, et al. bcl-2 gene hypomethylation and high-level expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1993;82:1820–1828
  77. Dyer MJ, Zani VJ, Lu WZ, et al. BCL2 translocations in leukemias of mature B cells. Blood. 1994;83:3682–3688
  78. Saxena A, Viswanathan S, Moshynska O, et al. Mcl-1 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio are associated with treatment response but not with Rai stage in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2004;75:22–33
  79. Kimby E, Rincon J, Patarroyo M, et al. Expression of adhesion molecules CD11/CD18 (Leu-CAMs, beta 2-integrins), CD54 (ICAM-1) and CD58 (LFA-3) in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 1994;13:297–306
  80. Lucio PJ, Faria MT, Pinto AM, et al. Expression of adhesion molecules in chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Haematologica. 1998;83:104–111
  81. Molica S, Dattilo A, Mannella A. ICAM-1 expression in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Analysis of results obtained with 11 different CD54-specific monoclonal antibodies. Leukemia. 1995;9:934–935
  82. Molica S, Dattilo A, Mannella A, et al. Expression on leukemic cells and serum circulating levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: implications for prognosis. Leuk Res. 1995;19:573–580
  83. Molica S, De Rossi G, Luciani M, et al. Prognostic features and therapeutical approaches in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an update. Haematologica. 1995;80:176–193
  84. Baldini LG, Cro LM. Structure and function of VLA integrins: differential expression in B-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 1994;12:197–203
  85. Csanaky G, Matutes E, Vass JA, et al. Adhesion receptors on peripheral blood leukemic B cells. A comparative study on B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and related lymphoma/leukemias. Leukemia. 1997;11:408–415
  86. Inghirami G, Wieczorek R, Zhu BY, et al. Differential expression of LFA-1 molecules in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and lymphoid leukemia. Blood. 1988;72:1431–1434
  87. Sembries S, Pahl H, Stilgenbauer S, et al. Reduced expression of adhesion molecules and cell signaling receptors by chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with 11q deletion. Blood. 1999;93:624–631
  88. Christiansen I, Gidlof C, Wallgren AC, et al. Serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 are increased in chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia and correlate with clinical stage and prognostic markers. Blood. 1994;84:3010–3016
  89. Molica S, Levato D, Dell' Olio M, et al. Clinico-prognostic implications of increased levels of soluble CD54 in the serum of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Results of a multivariate survival analysis. Haematologica. 1997;82:148–151
  90. Horst E, Meijer CJ, Radaskiewicz T, et al. Expression of a human homing receptor (CD44) in lymphoid malignancies and related stages of lymphoid development. Leukemia. 1990;4:383–389
  91. Horst E, Meijer CJ, Radaszkiewicz T, et al. Adhesion molecules in the prognosis of diffuse large-cell lymphoma: expression of a lymphocyte homing receptor (CD44), LFA-1 (CD11a/18), and ICAM-1 (CD54). Leukemia. 1990;4:595–599
  92. Jalkanen S, Joensuu H, Klemi P. Prognostic value of lymphocyte homing receptor and S phase fraction in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood. 1990;75:1549–1556
  93. Korsmeyer SJ. BCL-2 gene family and the regulation of programmed cell death. Cancer Res. 1999;59:1693s–1700s
  94. O'Brien S, del Giglio A, Keating M. Advances in the biology and treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1995;85:307–318
  95. Athan E, Foitl DR, Knowles DM. bcl-1 rearrangement. Frequency and clinical significance among B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Am J Pathol. 1991;138:591–599
  96. Crossen PE. Genes and chromosomes in chronic B-cell leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1997;94:44–51
  97. Garcia-Marco JA, Price CM, Catovsky D. Interphase cytogenetics in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1997;94:52–58
  98. Dohner H, Stilgenbauer S, Dohner K, et al. Chromosome aberrations in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: reassessment based on molecular cytogenetic analysis. J Mol Med. 1999;77:266–281
  99. Juliusson G, Gahrton G. Chromosome aberrations in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Pathogenetic and clinical implications. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1990;45:143–160
  100. Juliusson G, Oscier DG, Fitchett M, et al. Prognostic subgroups in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia defined by specific chromosomal abnormalities. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:720–724
  101. Dohner H, Stilgenbauer S, Benner A, et al. Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1910–1916
  102. Liu Y, Grander D, Soderhall S, et al. Retinoblastoma gene deletions in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1992;4:250–256
  103. Brown AG, Ross FM, Dunne EM, et al. Evidence for a new tumour suppressor locus (DBM) in human B-cell neoplasia telomeric to the retinoblastoma gene. Nat Genet. 1993;3:67–72
  104. Chapman RM, Corcoran MM, Gardiner A, et al. Frequent homozygous deletions of the D13S25 locus in chromosome region 13q14 defines the location of a gene critical in leukaemogenesis in chronic B-cell lymphocytic leukaemia. Oncogene. 1994;9:1289–1293
  105. Liu Y, Szekely L, Grander D, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with allelic deletions at 13q14 commonly have one intact RB1 gene: evidence for a role of an adjacent locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:8697–8701
  106. Mabuchi H, Fujii H, Calin G, et al. Cloning and characterization of CLLD6, CLLD7, and CLLD8, novel candidate genes for leukemogenesis at chromosome 13q14, a region commonly deleted in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res. 2001;61:2870–2877
  107. Mertens D, Wolf S, Schroeter P, et al. Down-regulation of candidate tumor suppressor genes within chromosome band 13q14.3 is independent of the DNA methylation pattern in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2002;99:4116–4121
  108. Migliazza A, Bosch F, Komatsu H, et al. Nucleotide sequence, transcription map, and mutation analysis of the 13q14 chromosomal region deleted in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2001;97:2098–2104
  109. Wolf S, Mertens D, Schaffner C, et al. B-cell neoplasia associated gene with multiple splicing (BCMS): the candidate B-CLL gene on 13q14 comprises more than 560 kb covering all critical regions. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10:1275–1285
  110. Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, et al. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:15524–15529
  111. Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, et al. A MicroRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1793–1801
  112. Dohner H, Stilgenbauer S, James MR, et al. 11q deletions identify a new subset of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia characterized by extensive nodal involvement and inferior prognosis. Blood. 1997;89:2516–2522
  113. Doneda L, Montillo M, Intropido L, et al. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of del(11)(q23) and del(17)(p13) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. a study of 40 early-onset patients. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2003;140:31–36
  114. Stilgenbauer S, Liebisch P, James MR, et al. Molecular cytogenetic delineation of a novel critical genomic region in chromosome bands 11q22.3-923.1 in lymphoproliferative disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:11837–11841
  115. Cuneo A, Bigoni R, Rigolin GM, et al. Late appearance of the 11q22.3-23.1 deletion involving the ATM locus in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and related disorders. Clinico-biological significance. Haematologica. 2002;87:44–51
  116. Dickinson JD, Smith LM, Sanger WG, et al. Unique gene expression and clinical characteristics are associated with the 11q23 deletion in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2005;128:460–471
  117. Dickinson JD, Gilmore J, Iqbal J, et al. 11q22.3 deletion in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia is specifically associated with bulky lymphadenopathy and ZAP-70 expression but not reduced expression of adhesion/cell surface receptor molecules. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47:231–244
  118. Bullrich F, Rasio D, Kitada S, et al. ATM mutations in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res. 1999;59:24–27
  119. Schaffner C, Stilgenbauer S, Rappold GA, et al. Somatic ATM mutations indicate a pathogenic role of ATM in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999;94:748–753
  120. Kalla C, Scheuermann MO, Kube I, et al. Analysis of 11q22-q23 deletion target genes in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: evidence for a pathogenic role of NPAT, CUL5, and PPP2R1B. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:1328–1335
  121. Gaidano G, Ballerini P, Gong JZ, et al. p53 mutations in human lymphoid malignancies: association with Burkitt lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88:5413–5417
  122. Imamura J, Miyoshi I, Koeffler HP. p53 in hematologic malignancies. Blood. 1994;84:2412–2421
  123. Fenaux P, Preudhomme C, Lai JL, et al. Mutations of the p53 gene in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report on 39 cases with cytogenetic analysis. Leukemia. 1992;6:246–250
  124. el Rouby S, Thomas A, Costin D, et al. p53 gene mutation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia is associated with drug resistance and is independent of MDR1/MDR3 gene expression. Blood. 1993;82:3452–3459
  125. Dohner H, Fischer K, Bentz M, et al. p53 gene deletion predicts for poor survival and non-response to therapy with purine analogs in chronic B-cell leukemias. Blood. 1995;85:1580–1589
  126. Jelinek DF, Tschumper RC, Geyer SM, et al. Analysis of clonal B-cell CD38 and immunoglobulin variable region sequence status in relation to clinical outcome for B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2001;115:854–861
  127. Wattel E, Preudhomme C, Hecquet B, et al. p53 mutations are associated with resistance to chemotherapy and short survival in hematologic malignancies. Blood. 1994;84:3148–3157
  128. Piette J, Neel H, Marechal V. Mdm2: keeping p53 under control. Oncogene. 1997;15:1001–1010
  129. Bartek J, Bartkova J, Vojtesek B, et al. Aberrant expression of the p53 oncoprotein is a common feature of a wide spectrum of human malignancies. Oncogene. 1991;6:1699–1703
  130. Mauro FR, Foa R, Giannarelli D, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of young chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients: a single institution study of 204 cases. Blood. 1999;94:448–454
  131. Giles FJ, O'Brien SM, Keating MJ. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in (Richter's) transformation. Semin Oncol. 1998;25:117–125
  132. Thornton PD, Fernandez C, Giustolisi GM, et al. CD38 expression as a prognostic indicator in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematol J. 2004;5:145–151
  133. Anastasi J, Le Beau MM, Vardiman JW, et al. Detection of trisomy 12 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by fluorescence in situ hybridization to interphase cells: a simple and sensitive method. Blood. 1992;79:1796–1801
  134. Escudier SM, Pereira-Leahy JM, Drach JW, et al. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and cytogenetic studies of trisomy 12 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1993;81:2702–2707
  135. Que TH, Marco JG, Ellis J, et al. Trisomy 12 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization: analysis by stage, immunophenotype, and morphology. Blood. 1993;82:571–575
  136. Criel A, Verhoef G, Vlietinck R, et al. Further characterization of morphologically defined typical and atypical CLL: a clinical, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and prognostic study on 390 cases. Br J Haematol. 1997;97:383–391
  137. Matutes E, Oscier D, Garcia-Marco J, et al. Trisomy 12 defines a group of CLL with atypical morphology: correlation between cytogenetic, clinical and laboratory features in 544 patients. Br J Haematol. 1996;92:382–388
  138. Haslinger C, Schweifer N, Stilgenbauer S, et al. Microarray gene expression profiling of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia subgroups defined by genomic aberrations and VH mutation status. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3937–3949
  139. Winkler D, Schneider C, Krober A, et al. Protein expression analysis of chromosome 12 candidate genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Leukemia. 2005;19:1211–1215
  140. Buhl AM, Jurlander J, Jorgensen FS, et al. Identification of a gene on chromosome 12q22 uniquely overexpressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2006;107:2904–2911
  141. Pittman S, Catovsky D. Chromosome abnormalities in B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia: a study of nine cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1983;9:355–365
  142. Offit K, Louie DC, Parsa NZ, et al. Clinical and morphologic features of B-cell small lymphocytic lymphoma with del(6)(q21q23). Blood. 1994;83:2611–2618
  143. Oscier DG, Stevens J, Hamblin TJ, et al. Correlation of chromosome abnormalities with laboratory features and clinical course in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1990;76:352–358
  144. Cuneo A, Rigolin GM, Bigoni R, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 6q− shows distinct hematological features and intermediate prognosis. Leukemia. 2004;18:476–483
  145. Hernandez JM, Mecucci C, Criel A, et al. Cytogenetic analysis of B cell chronic lymphoid leukemias classified according to morphologic and immunophenotypic (FAB) criteria. Leukemia. 1995;9:2140–2146
  146. Asou H, Takechi M, Tanaka K, et al. Japanese B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a cytogenetic and molecular biological study. Br J Haematol. 1993;85:492–497
  147. Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. bcl-1, t(11;14), and mantle cell-derived lymphomas. Blood. 1991;78:259–263
  148. In:  Jaffe ES,  Harris NL,  Stein H, et al. editor. Pathology and genetics of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2001;p. 168–170
  149. Bloomfield CD, Arthur DC, Frizzera G, et al. Nonrandom chromosome abnormalities in lymphoma. Cancer Res. 1983;43:2975–2984
  150. Ueshima Y, Bird ML, Vardiman JW, et al. A 14;19 translocation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a new recurring chromosome aberration. Int J Cancer. 1985;36:287–290
  151. Michaux L, Dierlamm J, Wlodarska I, et al. t(14;19)/BCL3 rearrangements in lymphoproliferative disorders: a review of 23 cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1997;94:36–43
  152. Soma LA, Gollin SM, Remstein ED, et al. Splenic small B-cell lymphoma with IGH/BCL3 translocation. Hum Pathol. 2006;37:218–230
  153. Huh YO, Abruzzo LV, Rassidakis GZ, et al. The t(14;19)(q32;q13)-positive small B-cell leukaemia: a clinicopathologic and cytogenetic study of seven cases. Br J Haematol. 2007;136:220–228
  154. Hamblin T. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: one disease or two?. Ann Hematol. 2002;81:299–303
  155. Ghia P, Ferreri AM, Galigaris-Cappio F. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Crit Rev Oncol Hematol [epub ahead of print; doi:10.1016].
  156. Montserrat E, Sanchez-Bisono J, Vinolas N, et al. Lymphocyte doubling time in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: analysis of its prognostic significance. Br J Haematol. 1986;62:567–575
  157. Binet JL, Auquier A, Dighiero G, et al. A new prognostic classification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia derived from a multivariate survival analysis. Cancer. 1981;48:198–206
  158. Rai KR, Sawitsky A, Cronkite EP, et al. Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1975;46:219–234
  159. Rai KR, Montserrat E. Prognostic factors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin Hematol. 1987;24:252–256
  160. Molica S, Alberti A. Prognostic value of the lymphocyte doubling time in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 1987;60:2712–2716
  161. Vinolas N, Reverter JC, Urbano-Ispizua A, et al. Lymphocyte doubling time in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an update of its prognostic significance. Blood Cells. 1987;12:457–470
  162. Gray JL, Jacobs A, Block M. Bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytosis in the prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 1974;33:1169–1178
  163. Rywlin AM. Letter: bone marrow biopsy and aspiration. Am J Clin Pathol. 1976;66:617–618
  164. Bartl R, Frisch B, Burkhardt R, et al. Assessment of marrow trephine in relation to staging in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1982;51:1–15
  165. Carbone A, Santoro A, Pilotti S, et al. Bone-marrow patterns and clinical staging in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Lancet. 1978;1:606
  166. Hernandez-Nieto L, Montserrat-Costa E, Muncunill J, et al. Bone-marrow patterns and clinical staging in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Lancet. 1977;1:1269
  167. Han T, Barcos M, Emrich L, et al. Bone marrow infiltration patterns and their prognostic significance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlations with clinical, immunologic, phenotypic, and cytogenetic data. J Clin Oncol. 1984;2:562–570
  168. Binet JL, Lepoprier M, Dighiero G, et al. A clinical staging system for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: prognostic significance. Cancer. 1977;40:855–864
  169. Faguet GB. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an updated review. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:1974–1990
  170. Hallek M, Wanders L, Ostwald M, et al. Serum beta(2)-microglobulin and serum thymidine kinase are independent predictors of progression-free survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and immunocytoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 1996;22:439–447
  171. Hallek M, Langenmayer I, Nerl C, et al. Elevated serum thymidine kinase levels identify a subgroup at high risk of disease progression in early, nonsmoldering chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999;93:1732–1737
  172. Magnac C, Porcher R, Davi F, et al. Predictive value of serum thymidine kinase level for Ig-V mutational status in B-CLL. Leukemia. 2003;17:133–137
  173. Di Raimondo F, Giustolisi R, Lerner S, et al. Retrospective study of the prognostic role of serum thymidine kinase level in CLL patients with active disease treated with fludarabine. Ann Oncol. 2001;12:621–625
  174. Matthews C, Catherwood MA, Morris TC, et al. Serum TK levels in CLL identify Binet stage A patients within biologically defined prognostic subgroups most likely to undergo disease progression. Eur J Haematol. 2006;77:309–317
  175. Tobin G, Thunberg U, Laurell A, et al. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with mutated VH genes presenting with Binet stage B or C form a subgroup with a poor outcome. Haematologica. 2005;90:465–469
  176. Di Giovanni S, Valentini G, Carducci P, et al. Beta-2-microglobulin is a reliable tumor marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Acta Haematol. 1989;81:181–185
  177. Molica S, Levato D, Cascavilla N, et al. Clinico-prognostic implications of simultaneous increased serum levels of soluble CD23 and beta2-microglobulin in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eur J Haematol. 1999;62:117–122
  178. Fournier S, Rubio M, Delespesse G, et al. Role for low-affinity receptor for IgE (CD23) in normal and leukemic B-cell proliferation. Blood. 1994;84:1881–1886
  179. Sarfati M, Chevret S, Chastang C, et al. Prognostic importance of serum soluble CD23 level in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1996;88:4259–4264
  180. Saka B, Aktan M, Sami U, et al. Prognostic importance of soluble CD23 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Lab Haematol. 2006;28:30–35
  181. Molica S, Levato D, Dell'Olio M, et al. Cellular expression and serum circulating levels of CD23 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Implications for prognosis. Haematologica. 1996;81:428–433
  182. Schwarzmeier JD, Shehata M, Hilgarth M, et al. The role of soluble CD23 in distinguishing stable and progressive forms of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2002;43:549–554
  183. Damle RN, Wasil T, Fais F, et al. Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999;94:1840–1847
  184. Hamblin TJ, Davis Z, Gardiner A, et al. Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999;94:1848–1854
  185. Ritgen M, Lange A, Stilgenbauer S, et al. Unmutated immunoglobulin variable heavy-chain gene status remains an adverse prognostic factor after autologous stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2003;101:2049–2053
  186. Tobin G, Thunberg U, Johnson A, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemias utilizing the VH3-21 gene display highly restricted Vlambda2-14 gene use and homologous CDR3s: implicating recognition of a common antigen epitope. Blood. 2003;101:4952–4957
  187. Tobin G, Thunberg U, Johnson A, et al. Somatically mutated Ig V(H)3-21 genes characterize a new subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2002;99:2262–2264
  188. Kienle D, Benner A, Krober A, et al. Distinct gene expression patterns in chronic lymphocytic leukemia defined by usage of specific VH genes. Blood. 2006;107:2090–2093
  189. Krober A, Seiler T, Benner A, et al. V(H) mutation status, CD38 expression level, genomic aberrations, and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2002;100:1410–1416
  190. Maloum K, Davi F, Merle-Beral H, et al. Expression of unmutated VH genes is a detrimental prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2000;96:377–379
  191. Domingo-Domenech E, Domingo-Claros A, Gonzalez-Barca E, et al. CD38 expression in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia: association with clinical presentation and outcome in 155 patients. Haematologica. 2002;87:1021–1027
  192. Ibrahim S, Keating M, Do KA, et al. CD38 expression as an important prognostic factor in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2001;98:181–186
  193. Morabito F, Mangiola M, Oliva B, et al. Peripheral blood CD38 expression predicts survival in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res. 2001;25:927–932
  194. Del Poeta G, Maurillo L, Venditti A, et al. Clinical significance of CD38 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2001;98:2633–2639
  195. Hamblin TJ, Orchard JA, Ibbotson RE, et al. CD38 expression and immunoglobulin variable region mutations are independent prognostic variables in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but CD38 expression may vary during the course of the disease. Blood. 2002;99:1023–1029
  196. Lin K, Sherrington PD, Dennis M, et al. Relationship between p53 dysfunction, CD38 expression, and IgV(H) mutation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2002;100:1404–1409
  197. Matrai Z, Lin K, Dennis M, et al. CD38 expression and Ig VH gene mutation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2001;97:1902–1903
  198. Vasconcelos Y, Davi F, Levy V, et al. Binet's staging system and VH genes are independent but complementary prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3928–3932
  199. Ghia P, Guida G, Stella S, et al. The pattern of CD38 expression defines a distinct subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients at risk of disease progression. Blood. 2003;101:1262–1269
  200. Durig J, Naschar M, Schmucker U, et al. CD38 expression is an important prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leukemia. 2002;16:30–35
  201. Chang CC, Cleveland RP. Conversion of CD38 and/or myeloid-associated marker expression status during the course of B-CLL: association with a change to an aggressive clinical course. Blood. 2002;100:1106
  202. Chan AC, Iwashima M, Turck CW, et al. ZAP-70: a 70 kd protein-tyrosine kinase that associates with the TCR zeta chain. Cell. 1992;71:649–662
  203. Zhang J, Siraganian RP. CD45 is essential for Fc epsilon RI signaling by ZAP70, but not Syk, in Syk-negative mast cells. J Immunol. 1999;163:2508–2516
  204. Rosenwald A, Alizadeh AA, Widhopf G, et al. Relation of gene expression phenotype to immunoglobulin mutation genotype in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Exp Med. 2001;194:1639–1647
  205. Crespo M, Bosch F, Villamor N, et al. ZAP-70 expression as a surrogate for immunoglobulin-variable-region mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1764–1775
  206. Durig J, Nuckel H, Cremer M, et al. ZAP-70 expression is a prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2003;17:2426–2434
  207. Orchard JA, Ibbotson RE, Davis Z, et al. ZAP-70 expression and prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Lancet. 2004;363:105–111
  208. Rassenti LZ, Huynh L, Toy TL, et al. ZAP-70 compared with immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene mutation status as a predictor of disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:893–901
  209. Wiestner A, Rosenwald A, Barry TS, et al. ZAP-70 expression identifies a chronic lymphocytic leukemia subtype with unmutated immunoglobulin genes, inferior clinical outcome, and distinct gene expression profile. Blood. 2003;101:4944–4951
  210. Admirand JH, Rassidakis GZ, Abruzzo LV, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of ZAP-70 in 341 cases of non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma. Mod Pathol. 2004;17:954–961
  211. Zanotti R, Ambrosetti A, Lestani M, et al. ZAP-70 expression, as detected by immunohistochemistry on bone marrow biopsies from early-phase CLL patients, is a strong adverse prognostic factor. Leukemia. 2007;21:102–109
  212. Kroft SH. Lymphoma transformation: genetic relatedness, stealth lymphomas, and the final frontier. Am J Clin Pathol. 2001;116:811–814
  213. Foon KA, Rai KR, Gale RP. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: new insights into biology and therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:525–539
  214. Matolcsy A, Inghirami G, Knowles DM. Molecular genetic demonstration of the diverse evolution of Richter's syndrome (chronic lymphocytic leukemia and subsequent large cell lymphoma). Blood. 1994;83:1363–1372
  215. Robak T. Second malignancies and Richter's syndrome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology. 2004;9:387–400
  216. Tsimberidou AM, Keating MJ. Richter syndrome: biology, incidence, and therapeutic strategies. Cancer. 2005;103:216–228
  217. Galton DA. Terminal transformation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1989;4(Suppl 1):156–157
  218. Richter M. Generalized reticular cell sarcoma of lymph nodes associated with lymphatic leukemia. Am J Pathol. 1928;4:285–292
  219. Lortholary P, Boiron M, Ripault P, et al. Chronic lymphoid leukemia secondarily associated with a malignant reticulopathy: Richter's syndrome. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol. 1964;78:621–644
  220. Dunn P, Kuo TT, Tien HF. Richter's syndrome: report of a case. J Formos Med Assoc. 1995;94:686–688
  221. Nakamura N, Abe M. Richter syndrome in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Pathol Int. 2003;53:195–203
  222. Nakamura N, Kuze T, Hashimoto Y, et al. Analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene of secondary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that subsequently developed in four cases with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma (Richter syndrome). Pathol Int. 2000;50:636–643
  223. Beaudreuil J, Lortholary O, Martin A, et al. Hypercalcemia may indicate Richter's syndrome: report of four cases and review. Cancer. 1997;79:1211–1215
  224. Robertson LE, Pugh W, O'Brien S, et al. Richter's syndrome: a report on 39 patients. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1985–1989
  225. Aoki H, Takishita M, Kosaka M, et al. Frequent somatic mutations in D and/or JH segments of Ig gene in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with Richter's syndrome but not in common CLL. Blood. 1995;85:1913–1919
  226. Litz CE, Arthur DC, Gajl-Peczalska KJ, et al. Transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia to small non-cleaved cell lymphoma: a cytogenetic, immunological, and molecular study. Leukemia. 1991;5:972–978
  227. Sun T, Susin M, Desner M, et al. The clonal origin of two cell populations in Richter's syndrome. Hum Pathol. 1990;21:722–728
  228. van Endert PM, Mechtersheimer G, Moller P, et al. Discordant differentiation antigen pattern in a case of Richter's syndrome with monoclonal idiotype expression and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement. Br J Cancer. 1990;62:248–252
  229. Matolcsy A, Chadburn A, Knowles DM. De novo CD5-positive and Richter's syndrome-associated diffuse large B cell lymphomas are genotypically distinct. Am J Pathol. 1995;147:207–216
  230. Miyamura K, Osada H, Yamauchi T, et al. Single clonal origin of neoplastic B-cells with different immunoglobulin light chains in a patient with Richter's syndrome. Cancer. 1990;66:140–144
  231. Michiels JJ, van Dongen JJ, Hagemeijer A, et al. Richter's syndrome with identical immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in the chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the supervening non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia. 1989;3:819–824
  232. Chubachi A, Ohtani H, Sakuyama M, et al. Diffuse large cell lymphoma occurring in a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Evidence for the two different clones in Richter's syndrome. Cancer. 1991;68:781–785
  233. Kruger A, Sadullah S, Chapman R, et al. Use of a retinoblastoma gene probe to investigate clonality in Richter's syndrome. Leukemia. 1993;7:1891–1895
  234. McDonnell JM, Beschorner WE, Staal SP, et al. Richter's syndrome with two different B-cell clones. Cancer. 1986;58:2031–2037
  235. Tohda S, Morio T, Suzuki T, et al. Richter syndrome with two B cell clones possessing different surface immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. Am J Hematol. 1990;35:32–36
  236. van Dongen JJ, Hooijkaas H, Michiels JJ, et al. Richter's syndrome with different immunoglobulin light chains and different heavy chain gene rearrangements. Blood. 1984;64:571–575
  237. Han T, Henderson ES, Emrich LJ, et al. Prognostic significance of karyotypic abnormalities in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an update. Semin Hematol. 1987;24:257–263
  238. Brynes RK, McCourty A, Sun NC, et al. Trisomy 12 in Richter's transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol. 1995;104:199–203
  239. Fegan C, Robinson H, Thompson P, et al. Karyotypic evolution in CLL: identification of a new sub-group of patients with deletions of 11q and advanced or progressive disease. Leukemia. 1995;9:2003–2008
  240. Torelli UL, Torelli GM, Emilia G, et al. Simultaneously increased expression of the c-myc and mu chain genes in the acute blastic transformation of a chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1987;65:165–170
  241. Neubauer A, Richiero K, Huhn D. Alterations of the retinoblastoma a susceptibility gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 1995;18:399–404
  242. Cobo F, Martinez A, Pinyol M, et al. Multiple cell cycle regulator alterations in Richter's transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2002;16:1028–1034
  243. Pinyol M, Hernandez L, Martinez A, et al. INK4a/ARF locus alterations in human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas mainly occur in tumors with wild-type p53 gene. Am J Pathol. 2000;156:1987–1996
  244. Arranz E, Martinez B, Richart A, et al. Increased C-MYC oncogene copy number detected with combined modified comparative genomic hybridization and FISH analysis in a Richter syndrome case with complex karyotype. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1998;106:80–83
  245. Golay J, Luppi M, Songia S, et al. Expression of A-myb, but not c-myb and B-myb, is restricted to Burkitt's lymphoma, sIg+ B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and a subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemias. Blood. 1996;87:1900–1911
  246. Fulop Z, Csernus B, Timar B, et al. Microsatellite instability and hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in Richter's transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2003;17:411–415
  247. Brecher M, Banks PM. Hodgkin's disease variant of Richter's syndrome. Report of eight cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1990;93:333–339
  248. Fayad L, Robertson LE, O'Brien S, et al. Hodgkin's disease variant of Richter's syndrome: experience at a single institution. Leuk Lymphoma. 1996;23:333–337
  249. Pescarmona E, Pignoloni P, Mauro FR, et al. Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells and Hodgkin's disease in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: an immunohistological, molecular and clinical study of four cases suggesting a heterogeneous pathogenetic background. Virchows Arch. 2000;437:129–132
  250. Ohno T, Smir BN, Weisenburger DD, et al. Origin of the Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia with “Hodgkin's transformation”. Blood. 1998;91:1757–1761
  251. Melo JV, Wardle J, Chetty M, et al. The relationship between chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and prolymphocytic leukaemia. III. Evaluation of cell size by morphology and volume measurements. Br J Haematol. 1986;64:469–478
  252. Galton DA, Goldman JM, Wiltshaw E, et al. Prolymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1974;27:7–23
  253. Katayama I, Aiba M, Pechet L, et al. B-lineage prolymphocytic leukemia as a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Am J Pathol. 1980;99:399–412
  254. Schlette E, Bueso-Ramos C, Giles F, et al. Mature B-cell leukemias with more than 55% prolymphocytes. A heterogeneous group that includes an unusual variant of mantle cell lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2001;115:571–581
  255. Jennings CD, Foon KA. Recent advances in flow cytometry: application to the diagnosis of hematologic malignancy. Blood. 1997;90:2863–2892
  256. Argatoff LH, Connors JM, Klasa RJ, et al. Mantle cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of 80 cases. Blood. 1997;89:2067–2078
  257. Cohen PL, Kurtin PJ, Donovan KA, et al. Bone marrow and peripheral blood involvement in mantle cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 1998;101:302–310
  258. Kurtin PJ. Mantle cell lymphoma. Adv Anat Pathol. 1998;5:376–398
  259. Coiffier B, Hiddemann W, Stein H. Mantle cell lymphoma: a therapeutic dilemma. Ann Oncol. 1995;6:208–210
  260. Medeiros LJ, Van J, Krieken H, Jaffe ES, et al. Association of bcl-1 rearrangements with lymphocytic lymphoma of intermediate differentiation. Blood. 1990;76:2086–2090
  261. Swerdlow SH, Habeshaw JA, Murray LJ, et al. Centrocytic lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathologic and immunologic entity. A multiparameter study of 18 cases at diagnosis and relapse. Am J Pathol. 1983;113:181–197
  262. Williams ME, Westermann CD, Swerdlow SH. Genotypic characterization of centrocytic lymphoma: frequent rearrangement of the chromosome 11 bcl-1 locus. Blood. 1990;76:1387–1391
  263. Medeiros LJ, Carr J. Overview of the role of molecular methods in the diagnosis of malignant lymphomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1999;123:1189–1207
  264. Berinstein NL, Reis MD, Ngan BY, et al. Detection of occult lymphoma in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with untreated early-stage and advanced-stage follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1344–1352
  265. Lambrechts AC, Hupkes PE, Dorssers LC, et al. Translocation (14;18)-positive cells are present in the circulation of the majority of patients with localized (stage I and II) follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood. 1993;82:2510–2516
  266. Callet-Bauchu E, Renard N, Gazzo S, et al. Distribution of the cytogenetic abnormality +i(3)(q10) in persistent polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis: a FICTION study in three cases. Br J Haematol. 1997;99:531–536
  267. Gordon DS, Jones BM, Browning SW, et al. Persistent polyclonal lymphocytosis of B lymphocytes. N Engl J Med. 1982;307:232–236
  268. Mossafa H, Malaure H, Maynadie M, et al. Persistent polyclonal B lymphocytosis with binucleated lymphocytes: a study of 25 cases. Groupe Francais d'Hematologie Cellulaire. Br J Haematol. 1999;104:486–493
  269. Perreault C, Boileau J, Gyger M, et al. Chronic B-cell lymphocytosis. Eur J Haematol. 1989;42:361–367
  270. Troussard X, Valensi F, Debert C, et al. Persistent polyclonal lymphocytosis with binucleated B lymphocytes: a genetic predisposition. Br J Haematol. 1994;88:275–280
  271. Marti GE, Rawstron AC, Ghia P, et al. Diagnostic criteria for monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Br J Haematol. 2005;130:325–332
  272. Aman P, Mellstedt H. The leukemic B-cell population of patients with monoclonal lymphocytosis of undetermined significance (MLUS) are functionally distinct from the chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) derived cell population. Leuk Res. 1991;15:715–719
  273. Han T, Ozer H, Gavigan M, et al. Benign monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis—a benign variant of CLL: clinical, immunologic, phenotypic, and cytogenetic studies in 20 patients. Blood. 1984;64:244–252
  274. Marti GE, Carter P, Abbasi F, et al. B-cell monoclonal lymphocytosis and B-cell abnormalities in the setting of familial B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2003;52:1–12
  275. Rawstron AC, Green MJ, Kuzmicki A, et al. Monoclonal B lymphocytes with the characteristics of “indolent” chronic lymphocytic leukemia are present in 3.5% of adults with normal blood counts. Blood. 2002;100:635–639
  276. Rawstron AC, Yuille MR, Fuller J, et al. Inherited predisposition to CLL is detectable as subclinical monoclonal B-lymphocyte expansion. Blood. 2002;100:2289–2290
  277. Wang C, Amato D, Fernandes B. CD5-negative phenotype of monoclonal B-lymphocytosis of undetermined significance (MLUS). Am J Hematol. 2002;69:147–149
  278. Wang C, Amato D, Rabah R, et al. Differentiation of monoclonal B lymphocytosis of undetermined significance (MLUS) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with weak CD5 expression from CD5(−) CLL. Leuk Res. 2002;26:1125–1129

PII: S1092-9134(07)00125-6

doi: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2007.08.002

Annals of Diagnostic Pathology
Volume 11, Issue 5 , Pages 363-389 , October 2007